From DSRC to 5G NR-V2X: The Road Ahead for Connected Vehicles

Modern vehicles are no longer just machines on wheels. Through Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, they are becoming active participants in intelligent transport systems, enabling safer driving, smoother traffic, and progress toward automation.

DSRC: The First Step

The earliest V2X technology was Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), based on IEEE 802.11p. Operating in the 5.9 GHz band, it allowed onboard units (OBUs) in vehicles to exchange safety and infotainment data with roadside units (RSUs).

While DSRC was effective for short-range messaging, it faced limits in coverage, data rate, and quality of service (QoS). These challenges motivated researchers to explore new solutions.

D2D and the Cellular Shift

A key breakthrough came with Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, where vehicles exchange information directly without always relying on infrastructure. This reduces latency, eases network congestion, and helps maintain reliability in crowded traffic scenarios.

Building on this, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced LTE-V2X (Release 14), followed by 5G NR-V2X (Release 16 and beyond). With ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and high data rates, 5G enables advanced use cases such as platooning, autonomous driving, and massive sensor data sharing.

Challenges Ahead

Despite these advances, resource allocation, QoS, and scalability remain open research problems. As Nair and Tanwar [1] highlight, addressing these issues is essential for V2X systems to function reliably in real-world traffic.

Conclusion

From DSRC’s short-range links to the power of 5G NR-V2X, vehicular communication has advanced rapidly. The next step is ensuring that these technologies deliver consistent performance on busy roads, paving the way for safer and smarter cities.

📖 Reference

[1] Nair, A., & Tanwar, S. (2024). Resource allocation in V2X communication: State-of-the-art and research challenges. Physical Communication, 64, 102351.

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