Why SSH is Better Than HTTPS for GitHub – Complete Setup Guide Why SSH is Better Than HTTPS for GitHub – A Complete Developer Guide If you have ever seen this error while pushing to GitHub: remote: Invalid username or token. Password authentication is not supported for Git operations. then this article is for you. GitHub no longer supports password authentication for HTTPS pushes. Developers must now use either a Personal Access Token (PAT) or SSH. In this guide, I will explain why SSH is the better long-term solution and how to set it up properly. HTTPS vs SSH – What’s the Difference? Using HTTPS Requires username and password (or token) Tokens can expire Login prompts appear frequently Can cause authentication errors Using SSH No password required after setup Secure key-based authe...
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How to Remove a Comma in PowerPoint Without Affecting Colors While preparing an event slide, I noticed a small formatting issue: there was an unnecessary comma after February . Instead of redesigning the entire banner, I fixed it directly in PowerPoint — without affecting the original colors. 🔹 Before (With Comma) Notice the comma after February . 🔹 After (Comma Removed) The comma has been removed while maintaining the exact same font style, size, and color. 💡 Method Used (PowerPoint Trick) Select the text box. Carefully delete the comma. If spacing shifts, adjust character spacing slightly. Ensure font color and formatting remain unchanged. This simple adjustment keeps your design professional and clean, especially for official academic or event slides. Tip: Small punctuation details can make a big difference in formal presentations.
Euclidean Distance in NR-V2X Mode 2 In wireless networks like NR-V2X Mode 2 (New Radio Vehicle-to-Everything, sidelink mode where vehicles autonomously select resources), measuring the distance between vehicles or signals is critical for efficient communication. One common metric is the Euclidean distance . What is Euclidean Distance? Euclidean distance is the "straight-line" distance between two points in space. Mathematically, for two points P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) in 2D space, it is: d = √((x2 - x1)² + (y2 - y1)²) In 3D, or higher dimensions, you just add more squared differences for each coordinate. Why is it Useful in NR-V2X Mode 2? Resource Selection: Vehicles in Mode 2 autonomously pick radio resources. Knowing the Euclidean distance between vehicles helps avoid interference, because distant vehicles can reuse the same resources without collision. Collision Avoidance: Signals from nearby vehicles are more likely to collide. By ...
Understanding Maximum Network Resources In wireless networks and communication systems, devices like smartphones, smart vehicles, or IoT sensors need resources to communicate effectively. These resources are the "tools" the network provides so data can flow smoothly. Bandwidth: Think of bandwidth as the width of a highway. A wider highway can allow more cars (data) to travel simultaneously. Higher bandwidth means more data can be sent at the same time. Data Rate: This is how fast the data moves across the network, like the speed of a car on the highway. Higher data rates mean information reaches the destination faster. Maximum Resource Allocation: Every network has limits. The maximum amount of resources refers to the upper limit the network can give a device at a time, such as the largest chunk of bandwidth or the fastest data rate it can handle. When planning networks or designing algorithms like Deep Q-Networks (DQN) for smart v...
Understanding Video & App Performance Metrics Evaluating user experience goes beyond just network speed. Key metrics include PSNR , video freeze duration , and application-level throughput . These metrics together help us understand the Quality of Experience (QoE) . Figure: Network throughput affects PSNR (video quality) and video freeze duration, both contributing to QoE. 1. Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) PSNR measures the quality of video or images after transmission. Higher PSNR means clearer, sharper video; lower PSNR leads to blurry or noisy playback. 2. Video Freeze Duration Video freeze duration is the total time a video pauses or stalls during playback. Long freezes cause frustration, even if the rest of the video plays smoothly. 3. Application-Level Throughput This measures the data successfully delivered to the application per unit time . High throughput ensures smooth playback; low throughpu...
Understanding QoE, QoS, and Network Throughput In networking, several metrics determine how well a network performs and how satisfied users feel. Three key metrics are: Quality of Experience (QoE): Measures the user’s satisfaction with the service. Subjective and user-centric. Quality of Service (QoS): Measures network performance parameters like latency, jitter, and packet loss. Network-centric and technical. Network Throughput: Measures the amount of data transmitted per unit time . Network capacity-focused. Figure: Visualization of QoE (user satisfaction), QoS (network performance), and Throughput (data rate capacity). Quick Examples: QoE: How smooth a video call feels to the user. QoS: Ensuring low latency and minimal packet loss during a VoIP call. Throughput: Measuring 50 Mbps download speed on Wi-Fi. Analogy for Easy Learning: Think of a water system: Throughput → size of the pipe (how much water can flow) QoS → reg...
Understanding Coalition vs Non-Cooperative Games in Networks In multi-agent systems like vehicular networks, agents (vehicles, nodes, etc.) make strategic decisions. Game theory helps us model these interactions. Two key types are Coalition (Cooperative) Games and Non-Cooperative Games . Coalition (Cooperative) Games Players cooperate and form coalitions to maximize joint benefits. Goal: Maximize total payoff together. Binding: Agreements enforceable among coalition members. Example: Vehicles share spectrum to reduce interference. Benefit: Better overall network efficiency and fairness. Non-Cooperative Games Players act independently , trying to maximize their own utility. Goal: Each player maximizes individual payoff. Binding: No enforceable agreements. Example: Vehicles choose channels individually; may cause congestion. Analysis: Look for Nash Equilibrium , where...