🔹 Is Qualitative Data Always Primary Data? Insights from Stroke Care and IoV Research Understanding stroke care isn’t just about what happens — it’s about why it matters . In our recent research, we use a mix of sensor data , patient feedback , and AI-driven IoV analytics to capture the full story ( Saad, Jamshed, Adedamola, Nauman, & Kim, 2025 ). 📄 Click here to view the full paper 🧠 Primary vs. Secondary Data Primary data → Data you collect yourself (interviews, observations, or IoV sensor readings). Secondary data → Data collected by someone else (published reports, case studies, open datasets). For example, if we interview stroke patients or observe IoV interactions , that’s primary qualitative data . But if we analyze existing case reports or published interviews , that’s secondary . “The last decade has witnessed considerable growth in the development of qualitative research... yet this is an area on which most researchers require some guid...

Understanding OFDM, CDMA, and Orthogonality Ever wondered how Wi-Fi, LTE, and 5G send lots of data without signals clashing? This short post explains the difference between OFDM and CDMA, the history of CDMA, GPS applications, and why orthogonality is so important. Narrowband vs Wideband Signals ✅ Narrowband (OFDM) Think of a highway. Instead of all cars (data) fighting for one lane, OFDM splits the channel into many small lanes called subcarriers . Each subcarrier carries a small portion of the data. Example: A 20 MHz Wi-Fi channel can be split into 64 subcarriers. Each subcarrier is ~312.5 kHz wide — that’s “narrowband.” Advantage: Tight packing of subcarriers with low interference when designed using orthogonality. ⚖️ Wideband (CDMA) CDMA spreads a user’s signal across the entire channel using a unique code. Imagine one car using the whole highway but marked by a special tag so receivers can extract it from the...

Are you ready to test your networking knowledge? Let’s explore some key concepts about network topologies and computer communication. 1️⃣ Bus Topology and Multipoint Connections Question: Does a bus topology require a multipoint connection? Why or why not? 💡 Tip for readers: Think about how multiple devices share a single cable. 2️⃣ Keyboard and Computer Communication Question: Is the communication between a computer and a keyboard half-duplex , full-duplex , or simplex ? Explain your answer. 💡 Hint: Consider which direction the data flows and whether it can be simultaneous. 3️⃣ Cabling in Different Topologies Question: In a network of 25 PCs , which topology— bus, star, mesh, or ring —requires the most cabling? Why? 💡 Hint: Some topologies need every device to connect to every other device. 4️⃣ Mesh Topology Cable Calculation Question: How do you calculate the number of cables required in a full mesh topology ? For example, how many cables would 25 PCs ne...

Modern vehicles are no longer just machines on wheels. Through Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication , they are becoming active participants in intelligent transport systems, enabling safer driving, smoother traffic, and progress toward automation. DSRC: The First Step The earliest V2X technology was Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) , based on IEEE 802.11p. Operating in the 5.9 GHz band , it allowed onboard units (OBUs) in vehicles to exchange safety and infotainment data with roadside units (RSUs) . While DSRC was effective for short-range messaging, it faced limits in coverage, data rate, and quality of service (QoS) . These challenges motivated researchers to explore new solutions. D2D and the Cellular Shift A key breakthrough came with Device-to-Device (D2D) communication , where vehicles exchange information directly without always relying on infrastructure. This reduces latency, eases network congestion, and helps maintain reliability in crow...

In the realm of connected vehicles, two primary technologies facilitate communication: Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) . While both aim to enhance road safety and traffic efficiency, they differ in several key aspects. This post delves into these differences, providing a clearer understanding of each technology's capabilities and applications. Key Differences Between DSRC and C-V2X Feature DSRC (IEEE 802.11p) C-V2X (3GPP LTE & 5G) Technology Standard Based on IEEE 802.11p (Wi-Fi-like) Based on 3GPP LTE & 5G (cellular-based) Communication Mode Direct V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) and V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure) Direct (PC5) & Network-based (Uu) V2N (vehicle-to-network) Range Typically up to 300 meters Up to 1 km direct; longer via network Latency Very low, suitable for safety-critical messages Low, may vary depending on network conditions Deployment Requires dedicated short-range spe...

The complete source files for this analysis, including the NS-3 simulation script, the generated dataset, and the Python analysis notebook, are available for download. This allows for full reproduction of our results. You can access all the project files [ in our shared folder here ].